Brittany Dellinger. Ms. Walker. Eng 231 K6C. 20 April 2017.

Brittany Dellinger Ms. Walker ENG 231 K6C 20 April 2017 Sanity of the Mind: Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality.† - Edgar Allan Poe The â€Å"Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† are both well-known short horror stories written by Edgar Allan Poe. Both short stories share similar themes and atmospheres. They are dark, creepy, sometimes humorous and sometimes very frightening stories both narrated by a main character in a first person point of view. Both stories tell the tale of a carefully planned and constructed murder. Exploring the differences in the setting and atmosphere of these stories, the individual motives these characters had for committing one of the most†¦show more content†¦This story begins around dusk when the narrator, Montresor, comes upon the antagonist, Fortunato. As the evening darkens, so does the plot of this short story. Montresor leads Fortunato into his vaults where he keeps his most prized wines. The vaults go very deep, are very da rk, and are covered in nitre, which is a mineral that grows upon the damp walls of the vaults and irritates Fortunato’s throat. As the story reaches its climax, Fortunato is led into the deepest and darkest part of the vaults where his fate is awaiting him. In both of these stories, the atmosphere was heavy with the dread of claustrophobia. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† the narrator was not only trapped inside of his own deluded mind, he was also trapped inside this house with the illusion that he absolutely must murder this kind old man. He is unable to think about anything else until this task is completed. The sticky feel of claustrophobia intensifies when the reader realizes the dismembered old man is hidden underneath the floorboards of the room, in a very small and cramped space that would require his body to be chopped up before he could fit in. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† the vaults are enormously claustrophobic. The walls are damp, there are no windows or fresh air, and the antagonist will ultimately meet his demise by being trapped in a small and dark space in the vaults. Poe understands the basic human fear of being enclosed in a small space and uses it to horrify his readers many

Relational Database Management System ( Rdbms ) - 996 Words

Background This report provides analysis and evaluation of how Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) can be applied to improve organization and business effectiveness. The method of analysis includes basic information of Relational Database Management System and reference of how database management can bring positive improvement on manage small or large amount of information in the organization. Also, include a brief information of business those are successful in their field’s thanks of the application of database system in their organizations and recommendations to apply Relational Database Management System to the company. Analysis Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is an engine/system based on the relational model created by Edgar F. Codd in 1970. The major distinguish of this system is the ability to use tables for data storage while maintain and enforce certain data relationship. Another aspect of this system is that allow users to insert, update, retrieve, and delete specific content or contents storage in the database. Also, RDBMS provides relational operator codes that enable the relationship between two or more entities in a database (Dangerfield Morris,1990). These system’s characteristics can be applied on business operations improving company management of small and large amount of information from a specific department or workplace. Relational Database Management allows monitoring all information flow from that specific departmentShow MoreRelatedRelational Database Management System ( Rdbms )10516 Words   |  43 PagesAbstract: In Nowadays, there are two major of database management systems which are use to deal with data, the first one called Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) which is the traditional relational databases, it deals with structured data and have been popular since decades since 1970, while the second one called Not only Structure Query Language databases (NoSQL), they are dealing with semi-structured and unstructured data; the NoSQL types are gaining their popularity with the developmentRead MoreRelational Database Management Systems ( Rdbms )1104 Words   |  5 Pagesdata is called big data and the insights from big data can help examine trends, understand customer preferences and help the organizations take better decisions which results in better customer service and effective marketing. Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) provides an efficient way for storage and processing of data but have limitations when it comes to handling Big Data. Apache Hadoop is an open source framework and its helps in the distributed processing of Big Data. HadoopRead MoreRelational Database Management System ( Rdbms )1210 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Relational database management system (RDBMS) have used for many decades. However, these databases are facing several challenges with the requirements of many organizations like high scalability and availability. They cannot deal with huge amount of data and requests efficiently. As a result, famous organizations such as Google and Amazon shift from RDBMS to NoSQL databases. NoSQL databases have several features that overcome issues. This paper explains features, principles, and data modelsRead MoreDatabase And Knowledge Base Management System1364 Words   |  6 PagesITM 540: Database and Knowledge-Base Management Dr. Ying Liu August 16, 2013 Introduction Information and data have become the cornerstone of business enterprises today. Financial services organizations rely on important trade and market data, retail business rely on consumer and market data, and military organizations are concerned with classified and national security-sensitive data. As these organizations continue spend more time, effort, and money into the management of thisRead MoreA Survey On Nosql Database And Relational Database2545 Words   |  11 PagesNoSQL database and relational database. (Under the direction of DR. JIANPING FAN) NoSQL database, also called as not only SQL database, is using a different data storage and retrieval mechanism from the relational tables adopted by traditional relational database management system. In the sense of CAP (Consistency, availability and tolerance) theorem, NoSQL database sacrifices some consistency features to get more availabilities and partition tolerances. In most cases, NoSQL database systems areRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Hierarchical Database902 Words   |  4 PagesHierarchical Database Kind of database model which is designed in a hierarchy completely access to data beginning at the highest of hierarchical then changes to down such as customer to order. Also this system relation records together same a family tree that each record has just one owner. The hierarchical typical structure has levels which shows one –to – many also relationship between a parent and children divisions. The main key this models which following by each parent can have many childrenRead MoreDifferent Data Models And Schemas907 Words   |  4 Pagesn of different data models and schemas a) Critically compare the following database types (schemas) Hierarchical Database Kind of database model which is designed in a hierarchy completely access to data beginning at the highest of hierarchical then changes to down such as customer to order. Also this system relation records together same a family tree that each record has just one owner. The hierarchical typical structure has levels which shows one –to – many also relationship between a parentRead MoreA Video Rental Store977 Words   |  4 Pagesconsists of over twenty thousand DVD and VHS videos covering fifteen different genres. Their customer base is over one thousand and the store grosses over thirty thousand dollars monthly. The business currently runs on a pen and paper inventory management systems. Customer video checkouts and check-ins are logged in a notebook ledger. The customer is given a membership ID cards when they register. The ID cards contains a sequential ID number and the customers basic information such as name, address andRead MoreAnalysis Of Nosql Database Management Depending On The Features And Differentiation Of Rdbms10140 Words   |  41 Pages ANALYSIS NOSQL DATABASE MANAGEMENT DEPENDING ON THE FEATURES AND DIFFERENTIATION OF RDBMS ZAHRAA MUSTAFA ABDULRAHMAN AL-ANI JUNE 2015 ANALYSIS NOSQL DATABASE MANAGEMENT DEPENDING ON THE FEATURES AND DIFFERENTIATION OF RDBMS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF ÇANKAYA UNIVERSITY BY ZAHRAA MUSTAFA ABDULRAHMAN AL-ANI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENTRead More Relational and Object-oriented Database Management Systems Essay2156 Words   |  9 PagesRelational and Object-oriented Database Management Systems A database is a â€Å"shared collection of logically related data designed to meet the information needs of multiple users in an organization† (Hoffer 709). Databases contain data records or files, such as sales transactions, product catalogs and inventories, and customer profiles. Databases allows multiple users in an organization to easily access, manage, store, and update data when needed. A database management system is software

Language A Very Complicated System Education Essay Free Essays

Language, a really complicated system, is really polar to human existences ( Saffran A ; Thiessen, 2007 ) . It allows people to show their ideas, communicate with each other, and transmit cognition ( Scanlon, 1977 ) . Its importance stimulates a batch of research workers to research the development of linguistic communication in kids ( Shatz, 2007 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Language A Very Complicated System Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are several sensible theories explicating how kids learn a linguistic communication ( Evans, 2007 ) . Some suggests that societal environment as an of import component in determining kids ‘s lingual development ; while Chomsky, a nativist theoretician, argues that there is a Language Acquisition Device inherently born with us, and human existences can get linguistic communication of course ( Meisel, 1995 ) . Harmonizing to Chomsky ( 1959 ) , there is a poorness of stimulation that the lingual input available in the societal environment is so limited for kids to develop a linguistic communication system, and therefore there must be some biological predisposed mechanism accounting for human lingual development. The undermentioned essay is non trying to reason against Chomsky ‘s thought, but to exemplify how the societal environment interacts with the innate lingual ability and determine the development of linguistic communication in kids. It has long been suggested that societal environment plays a important function in kids ‘s lingual development. Behaviorists, one of the earliest histories of linguistic communication development, see linguistic communication acquisition as a merchandise of operant conditioning ( Evans, 2007 ) . Skinner, the suggester of behaviourist theory, stresses that the acquisition of linguistic communication is besides contingent upon the effects of larning it ( Shatz, 2007 ) . For case, when a kid additions favourable attending from its parents ( a sort of intangible support ) after bring forthing a peculiar sound, it is really likely that the kid will reproduce that sound. The behaviourists have shortly been to a great extent criticized for their oversimplified theoretical account of human linguistic communication acquisition. There so comes the rise of empiricist and socio-pragmatic theoreticians which emphasize the importance of societal and cognitive elements of linguistic communica tion ( Tomasello, 1998 ) . Tomasello ( 2003 ) proposed the usage-based theory and explained linguistic communication acquisition utilizing a functional attack ( Tomasello, 2003 ) . Language develops when kids have the desire to pass on purposes with the others and when they realize the matter-of-fact maps of linguistic communication in the society ( ( Inhelder A ; Piaget, 1980 ; Mueller Gathercole A ; Hoff, 2007 ) . They learn the constructions of linguistic communication through observation ( Tomasello, 2003 ) and accrued linguistic communication experiences ( Lieven A ; Tomasello, 2008 ) . Baldwin and Meyer ( 2007 ) argued that linguistic communication is inherently a societal behaviour. A word itself does non incorporate any significance, it is the members of societal community who use it and give it a significance ( Tomasello, 1999 ) . Therefore, to larn what a word is refer to, societal interaction is indispensable.Language and society is closely linked, and social factors to a great extent influence the linguistic communication to be used ( Evans, 2007 ) . Clearly, the societal environment plays a cardinal portion in determining the development of linguistic communication in kids. We shall concentrate on the societal environment in its broadest sense, non curtailing to peculiar scenes like place and school. The undermentioned essay chiefly explores how the measure and quality of societal interaction and stimulation, cultural norms and outlooks shapes kids ‘s lingual development. Social interaction and stimulation The functional attack suggests that linguistic communication develops through kids ‘s battle in a societal context ( Robinson A ; Ellis, 2008 ) and through their active interaction with others ( Inhelder A ; Piaget, 1980 ) . The deficiency of societal interaction or an appropriate societal environment hinders normal development of linguistic communication in kids ( Rice, 2007 ) . For illustration, Genie, the miss who was kept entirely and locked in a room for 12 old ages, failed to utilize linguistic communication usually ( Pines, 1981 ) . Linguistic environment The most important component of linguistic communication development is the lingual input. Both the measure and quality of lingual input are of import. Measure can be expressed as the frequence of exposure to linguistic communication ; while quality is expressed as the assortment of input ( Hoff, 2006 ) . Surveies show that the more frequent the kids are exposed to peculiar words or sentence constructions, the earlier they can get and reproduce them. And the wider the scope of vocabularies the kids are exposed to, the more picks of word they have when building sentences ( Naigles and Hoff-Ginsberg, 1998 ) . However, lingual input is besides a sort of disciplinary feedback ( Mueller Gathercole A ; Hoff, 2007 ) , so that kids who engage in more societal interaction have higher opportunities to be corrected when they make errors. Exposing to different types of input can heighten the profusion of the lingual environmen. For illustration, if one wants to larn Cantonese, s/he can actively seek for a Cantonese environment like watching Cantonese films, sing China Town, run intoing Cantonese friends, etc. different types of lingual input may assist linguistic communication development in different facets. The consequence of frequence of exposure in linguistic communication acquisition can besides be shown in survey that involves bilingual linguistic communication scholars. Bilingual linguistic communication scholars, holding to larn two linguistic communications at the same time, have less exposure to both the linguistic communications, comparing to monolingual kids ( Genesee A ; Nicoladis, 2007 ) . It is found that bilingual kids have a smaller vocabulary size in each linguistic communication, and the sort of words they learn are rather different, as bilingual kids receive different lingual inputs from different communicative spouses. Bruner ( 1981 ) believed that linguistic communication development is a consequence of the interaction between nature and raising. As suggested, societal activities like ‘play ‘ are valuable beginnings of lingual input. During the drama clip, kids can actively prosecute in lingual exchange and interactions with the grownups ( Shatz, 2007 ) . It was found that kids who possessed playthings and engaged in originative drama were more sophisticated in showing themselves verbally and showed promotion in linguistic communication acquisition ( Scanlon, 1977 ) . Other linguistics stimulations and activities like playing with image cards and role-playing a narrative are besides good to the kids ‘s linguistic communication development ( Hoff A ; Tian, 2005 ) . Research surveies showed that there is a birth-order difference in the development of linguistic communication in kids. First-born kids are relatively more advanced in sentence structure and vocabulary ; while later-born kids have better conversational accomplishment ( Hoff, 1998 ; 1999 ) . The ground history for such difference is closely linked with the differences in the type and measure of lingual input. First-born kids have been the lone kids before the reaching of younger siblings. Fakouri ( 1974 ) suggested that the parents ‘ love, attention, and attending to the individual kid are indivisible by, and they perchance prosecute the kid into a higher- quality interaction, and therefore the exposure of lingual input is greater. Upon the birth of a sibling, the opportunity of acquiring one-to-one communicative interaction with the parents is lessened for both kids ( Hoff, 2006 ) . Yet, the later-born kids have another beginning of lingual input, which is from their senior sib lings. However, the quality of the lingual inputs provided by elder siblings is dissimilar to that by the parents, as they normally are less complex and dwell more grammatical mistake. A antiphonal spouse The functionalists believe that a antiphonal spouse for communicative exchange is needed for linguistic communication acquisition. Just like the other types of development, linguistic communication acquisition besides needs the staging of grownups. A antiphonal spouse should be cognizant of what the kid is go toing to in the here-and-now context and follow into that peculiar object or event ( Karrass et al. , 2002 ) , so that the kid can do usage of this societal cue to larn the linguistic communication associated with that focused topographic point ( Diesendruck, Gelman, A ; Lebowitz, 1998 ) . The particular type of societal interaction is called joint attending, and it strongly correlates with word acquisition ( Bruner, 1983 ) . Children can larn new words expeditiously when they are socially engaged or pass oning with a antiphonal spouse, and larn best if they jointly attend to execute some day-to-day modus operandis like bathing and dining ( Tomasello, 1999 ) . Research done by Tomasello and Todd ( 1983 ) showed that the continuance of battle in joint attending was positively correlated with vocabulary size. Questioning and giving immediate responses to kids can keep their involvement as good ( Tomasello, 1999 ) . Studies found that kids who have grownups prosecuting them in conversation and utilizing more wh-questions during communicating have relatively better development in aides and verb usage ( Hoff, 1999 ) . Social-interactionist theoreticians believed that a good communicative spouse of a kid should do good usage of kid directed address or motherese ( Snow, 1979 ) . Child-direct address is a particular signifier of talk that normally is rather simple, with the talkers expressing meaning-rich words like the names of aims and verbs one-by-one clearly. Furthermore, the talker normally negotiations with higher pitch to capture the attending of the kid ( Mueller Gathercole A ; Hoff, 2007 ) . Research surveies on the use of child-direct address show that it is associated with enhanced phonological consciousness and word acknowledgment. However, it should be noted that although child-direct address is correlated with a broad scope of positive results, it is non indispensable for normal development of linguistic communication in kids. This alone type of address is non cosmopolitan, as in some states, speaking to babes with such a high-pitch and simple construction is considered as discourtesy to them ( Hoff, 2006 ) . There is grounds demoing that kids, whose communicative spouses have higher educational degree, possess wider scope of vocabularies and are able to organize comparatively long and complicated sentences. They are besides better in depicting objects or evens that are non instantly present ( Umek, Fekonja, Kranjc A ; Bajc, 2008 ) . The difference in the caretakers ‘ educational degree may connote the difference in the profusion of kids ‘s lingual environment and rational stimulation. Higher educated health professionals perchance can supply more acquisition chances to their kids than caretakers who are less educated. This shows how of import lingual input is for the favourable development of linguistic communication in kids. Cultural norms and outlooks are another country that can do a immense consequence of kids ‘s linguistic communication acquisition. Cultural norms and outlooks There are a batch of cultural norms and outlooks invisibly hidden in a kid ‘s societal environment ( Inhelder A ; Piaget, 1980 ; Ochs A ; Schieffelin, 1995 ) . The impact of cultural norms and outlooks on linguistic communication development are more hard to mensurate ( Herschensohn, 2007 ) , as kids internalize these norms and bit by bit absorb them as 1 ‘s ain values ( Inhelder A ; Piaget, 1980 ) . The undermentioned portion illustrates how societal category, ethnicity, gender and equals shape the development of linguistic communication in kids. Social category Many research surveies found differences in the ways and forms of linguistic communication development among kids of different societal categories. Health professionals in the upper category speak more to their kids ; and in bend greatly expand the vocabulary size of these kids ( Hoff, 2006 ) . To be more precise, the kids ‘s vocabulary size is found to be positively correlated with the health professionals ‘ or parents ‘ figure of words spoken to them. Besides a quantitative difference, there are besides qualitative differences between the two societal categories. The unwritten linguistic communication of kids from lower socio-economic standing was worse than those from higher socio-economic position ( Hoff, 2006 ) . Upper category parents talk to their kids normally because they want and plan to prosecute in a conversation with them ; while lower category parents normally talk to their kids for some practical grounds like giving them instructions to work [ ( Hoff, 2006 ) . Children of from the upper category are exposed to a wider scope of vocabularies, particularly the productive vocabularies ( Hoff, 2003 ) . Children normally spend most of the clip with the people from the same societal category ; the common influence reinforces the kids to move and speak in the same manner as the other members of the societal category do. And because of the self-fulfilling prognostication, kids might hold acted harmonizing to what the others expect ( Edwards, 1979 ) . Therefore, even the kids of different societal categories go to the same school, their li nguistic communication development might yet be really different. Ethnicity Peoples from different states experience different advancement in linguistic communication development. People ‘s pick of vocabularies can extremely reflect their cultural outlooks and norms. Peoples from an individualist civilization have a different linguistic communication attitudes and vocabulary pick as people from a collectivist-oriented state ( Gudykunst A ; Schmidt, 1987 ) . As stated by Ayyash-Abdo ( 2001 ) , people believing in individuality concern more about their ain beliefs, demands and rights ; while people with a leftist mentality consider themselves as a portion of the whole community, and topographic point the group ‘s demands on a higher precedence than their ain demands. Collectivist seeks harmoniousness and emphasizes cooperation. Wu and Rubin ( 2000 ) found that, in footings of linguistic communication usage, individualists ‘ manner of showing their thoughts is more direct and self-asserting, and they use â€Å" I † more frequently to give voice their sentences. Conversely, leftists like to utilize â€Å" we † , and there are much more relational nouns in the Chinese linguistic communication that helps to do all right differentiations between different relations. For illustration, in English, â€Å" uncles † can intend one ‘s female parents ‘ senior or younger brothers, and besides one ‘s m ale parent senior or younger brothers. But in Chinese, there are four different nouns for those four different types of â€Å" uncles † . Several surveies attempted to compare the linguistic communication development in American yearlings with Nipponese yearlings. The former, in general, represents individuality ; while the latter represents Bolshevism. it was discovered that the American babes knew a broad scope of productive and receptive vocabularies ; while Nipponese babes were good at symbolic drama ( Tamis-LeMonda, Bornstein, Cyphers, Toda A ; Ogino, 1992 ) . To account for the difference, Tamis-LeMonda, et Al. ( 1992 ) found that American female parents tend to label objects and events more on a regular basis, stress the demand of independency ; arouse the kids ‘s involvement in the external word ; and are more information-oriented when they talk to their kids. On the other manus, Nipponese female parents ever engage their kids in group drama and dyadic activities ; advance a sense of dependance ; and are more affect-oriented. Ethnicity does non merely act upon the kids ‘s size of vocabularies, but besides in a batch of ways such as the linguistic communication attitude, pick of words and ways to sentiments. The geographical features of a state besides have an impact on kids ‘s exposure to different types of words. For illustration, in Hong Kong and other metropoliss which are closer to the equator, snowing is non possible. In Cantonese, we merely have one noun to depict â€Å" snow † , without any other vocabularies that could depict the different types and strength of â€Å" snow † . In contrast, there are many words created to separate the assorted sorts of â€Å" snow † , e.g. snowstorms, snow squalls, bustles, graupel, sleet, dendrites, acerate leafs, snow pellets, etc. Gender Quite a batch of research surveies on the gender difference in linguistic communication development of kids show that misss, between one to three old ages old, could treat linguistic communication and reading at a faster rate and bring forth syntactically more complicated sentences than male childs of the same age ( Umek et al. , 2008 ) . Boys, instead, could understand the significance of words better ( Wolf A ; Gow, 1986 ) . It appears that male childs are less well-developed in linguistic communication acquisition in the early old ages. Karrass et Al. ( 2002 ) suggested that this might good be the influence of gender stereotypes. It is normally taught and believed that male childs are more active and misss are more soft and elegant. It is found that parents of male childs are less sensitive to their linguistic communication accomplishments, but shows greater concern to the boy ‘s motor development ( Eaton A ; Enns, 1986 ) . For misss, the parents tend to speak to their gir ls more frequently, and prosecute them in communicative activities like story-telling. Peers Peers become increasingly of import as the kids grow up ( Fortman, 2003 ) . Childs further develop their linguistic communication and societal accomplishments through interacting with their equals. By that clip, in order to seek group designation and keep association with the group, different group norms and group ‘language ‘ like hip-hop may emerge to stand for group rank ( Giles, 1979 ) . The specific sort of linguistic communication is created for the group to admit each other and except the out-group members. Children at this age may change their linguistic communication attitude and ways of showing thoughts to make a positive self-image obtain a desirable group individuality ( Ryan, 1979 ) . Decision A batch of facets within the societal environment drama of import functions in determining the development of linguistic communication in kids. Yet, as stated in the debut, Chomsky ‘s nativist theory is besides really sensible and influential. A well-developed linguistic communication system is in fact a merchandise of rich societal environment and the kid ‘s willingness and accomplishments to react to the societal input. How to cite Language A Very Complicated System Education Essay, Essay examples

Income Tax Implications

Questions: Part 11. Allan and Betty were living and working in Melbourne. They decided on a 'tree change', sold their Melbourne home and purchased a large country house on a 10 hectare block in entral Victoria. Betty works part-time as an accountant and Allan as a locum doctor. Allan is popular with the elderly patients in the town and regularly is given home-made cakes and scones, along with his fee. On one occasion he treated a local wine maker's dog for snake bite when the vet was unavailable and was given a dozen bottles of Lonarch Brae shiraz in appreciation. The wine had a retail value of $360.2. Allan and Betty enjoy gardening. They plan to establish a few hectares of grape vines and begin growing vegetables. They attend a continuing education course on organic farming and find in their second year they have a surplus of produce. Betty started making marking marmalade and relish using her mother's recipes. Initially she gave them to neighbours but they became so popular that she opended a stall at the Newtown Growers Market held on the second Sunday of every month. Allan sold some of the excess to a local supermarket and now regularly supplies three retailers with sweet potatoes and pumpkin. They don't keep records as they never intended to make a profit but estimmate that in agood month gross receipts could be $500 to $600.3. Their neighbours have a citrus orchard and throughout the year vegetables are swapped for oranges and mandarins. This seems like such a good idea Allan and Betty decide to set up a 'barter' system in the area. To join the system a person must pay an up-front, one-off fee of $50 to Allan and Betty as a charge for the keeping of administrative records. Thereafter people register their goods or services to be bartered. For examples, Suzie is a retired hairdresser and will provided hairdressing services at her home. No money changes hands. Suize would receive a credit to her account of 15 to 20 'barts' that she can exchange for goods or services of equal value from other registered participants in the schemes (fruit, vegetables, child minding, lawn mowing etc.).Required:1. Advise Allan and Betty of any income tax implications arising in para 1,2, and 3 above.2. Advise the participants in the barter scheme of any income tax implications. Part 2 Nicole Grownman is an Australian actress who has had a number of roles in films and guest appearances in serials. During the year the following events occurred: 1. Nicole was offered a role in a telemovie set in the 1950s. She was required to put on 10 kilograms to play the part offered and would be awarded the role only if she put on weight. Nicole increased her food intake dramatically, dining-out several times a week and eating fast food. She estimated she spent $1,000 on food that she would not normally have eaten. She was paid $50,000 for her role. 2. As a result of her weight gain Nicole had to buy new clothes at a cost of $2000. At the end of filming she wanted to loose weight and get back into shape so hired a dietician at a cost of $1,000 and a personal trainer ($2,500) and spent a week at a health clinic ($1,500). 3. Nicole was paid $2,000 by Womans World for an interview in which she spoke about the new telemovie as well as her personal life. She donated the money to the Royal Childrens Hospital. 4. The telemovie received critical acclaim and Nicole was offered a small role in a Hollywood movie. Under the contract she was to receive $AU20,000. She flew first class to the United States at a cost of $5,000; economy class would have been $2,000. After filming she spent a week visiting agents in Hollywood in the hope of securing more roles. Nicole regarded the week as a working holiday and she treated herself to five star accommodation at a cost of $6,000. 5. A well know gossip magazine Eye Spy published a story about Nicole that contained a number of untruths. Ordinarily she would not have bothered about such thing but with her career blossoming she was concerned that her reputation might be tarnished and future roles lost. She spent $10,000 in legal fees, sued the magazine for libel and was successful in securing damages of $50,000. 6. A short break in acting followed and at her managers suggestion Nicole paid $1,000 to a voice coach to improve her voice projection. 7. In the expectation that her career was to take off at last, Nicole shifted to a rented town house. She specifically selected a two bedroom unit so that one room could be set aside for exclusive use as a study/office. There she could read scripts, deal with correspondence and meditate. Her manager suggested she would be entitled to a tax deduction for an apportionment of the rent. Required: Advise Nicole of the taxation implications of the receipts and payments. Answers: Part AThere are many forms of taxation in Australia. Individuals and companies in Australia are required to pay taxes or charges to local, state, and federal government level. The taxes are basically collected in order to provide funds for the payment of public services and transfer payments, distribution for economic wealth.The most significant form of taxation in Australia is Income tax which is collected by the federal government through the Australian Taxation Office (ATO). Federal government also collects Australian GST revenue and after the collection process it so paid the states under a formula that is determined by the Commonwealth Grants Commission for distribution.The most significant source of revenue in Australia is the taxes on individuals which are imposed by the federal government. The state governments do not impose income taxes in Australia.Personal income taxes in Australia are imposed on the basis of personal income of the individual and thus the progressive basis .Australia does not provide for heavy taxation system and thus maintains a low tax burden in comparison to other wealthy, developed nations. There are various types of taxes in Australia under which it divides the burden of tax equally between the poor and rich. 1. Australias taxation system is having personal income tax as the most important source of income that is why it is important to understand what is meant by income. Income can be earned by way of personal exertion (by working) and it can also be earned from investment. Income is always in the form of money or goods and services. 2. Here, Allan is a doctor by profession. He is receiving gifts along with his prescribed fees. As per the terms of the law amounts which are received as gifts may or may not treated as income. However, gifts may be taxable if they are part of the business activity. In this case Allan treated wine makers dog where he got dozens of wine bottles as gift thus as per the provisions of WET, Wine is threshold and thus wine producer has to pay WET so there will be no liability of WET on Allan. 3. Here, Allan and Batty had started selling excess produce of their garden in a local supermarket and retailers on regular basis thus they are having access to the income on regular basis. The gardening is not their hobby and they are selling the excess produce to the market on regular basis. Thus they have to assess the income and pay tax on the assessed income. They also need to maintain adequate records in regard to selling the produce in the market. They should also make a reasonable estimate of their tax payable. They also require taking assistance from ATO to reconstruct their records in order to make reasonable estimates. However they will have to bear penalty that is imposed by the law for non maintenance of appropriate records. 4. Bartering means the exchange of goods or services for other goods or services without exchange of money and thus money is not involved in the barter system and thus they are managed by the trade exchanges. Under the case study Allan and Batty provides trade exchange services to other people and thus keeps records of the transaction of the members thus the adequate amounts of debit and credit of the members. An online fee of $50 is being charged for battering which is taxable as they are charging fee for their services and as per the above definition of income it should be taxable under GST 2004/04 rulings. Further, Income tax implications of the Barter transactions are same as that related to the cash or credit transactions. Thus barter transactions are also assessable and deductable while calculating taxable income. 5. Income tax provisions of barter, cash and credit transactions are same. A liability for taxation including GST arises wherever a member of barter system makes a sale to another member who is subject to tax. Payment is made in the form of kind under barter system payment and thus money is not involved in the transaction. Maintenance if debiting and crediting of account is done in order to keep a check on the transactions between the members of the barter system. The member conducting a sale of the product is credited with his account and the member who purchases is debited with his account with the equal value of goods or services. According to the rules of laws, Fair market value of the product or service is being used as the value of those product or service in monetary terms. Fair market value clearly reflects the arms length price or it money value. Fair market value is the value which is charged by the seller in case the product is sold to a stranger or the services are provided to a stranger. Most of the business-oriented countertrade organisations use a specified rate for converting credit units into an Australian dollar equivalent but here Allan and Batty are converting it into Barts. Each credit unit is having a value equal to one Australian dollar. As per the laws of taxation, GST, income tax payment must be remitted and converted in the Australian currency. Payment in dollars is accepted by the other members. Tax invoice is also required for a barter transaction as it is required for other transactions. But the tax invoice must contain or comply with all the usual requirements of a taxable invoice. Reference: Australian Taxation Office, 2014, Amounts not included as Income, Income and Deductions; Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Income-and-deductions/Income-you-must-declare/Amounts-not-included-as-income/ Part B The solution provides for the tax implications of the various events that occurred during the year for Australian actress, Nicole who has performed a number of roles in films and has appeared as guest in various serials. 1. Event: For a telemovie set of 1950, Nicole was asked to gain weight of 10 kilograms to play the role and would be given the role only if she does so. For the same Nicole agreed and increased her diet and spent $ 1000 for the same. She was paid $ 50,000 for the same. Issue: Will the $ 1000 spent be allowed as deduction? Discussion for Tax implication: As per the provisions of the Australian Income Tax provisions, Nicole is a professional as per the provisions of Australian Income tax laws if a person performs or appears in a film, on a tape or disc, or in a television or radio broadcast is covered in the definition of special professional. [1] Being in the above case, Nicole Grownman is an Australian actress working in films and guest appearances in serials is covered in the definition of special professionals. As per the provisions following will be considered in assessable income for the special professional- royalties from copyright of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, and income from endorsements, advertisements, interviews, commentating and any similar service Rewards and prizes Income from a patent for an invention. [2] Conclusion In light to the above provisions the actress has earned $50,000 from the role that she has played in the film. So this $50,000 will consider while calculating the assessable income of Nicole Grownman. However, $1,000 will not be allowed as deduction being the actress does not have any specific prove that this expenditure is being made to the above mentioned revenue. 2. Event: As a result of her weight gain Nicole had to buy new clothes at a cost of $2000. At the end of filming she wanted to lose weight and get back into shape so hired a dietician at a cost of $1,000 and a personal trainer ($2,500) and spent a week at a health clinic ($1,500). Issue: Will deduction be allowed? Discussion on Tax Implications: As per the provisions of income tax laws any personal expenditure made by the professional will not be considered as allowable expenditure while calculating the assessable income of the assessee. In the given case, Nicole brought new clothes at a cost of $2000, spends $1000 on dietician, $2500 on a personal trainer and spent a week at a health clinic worth $1500. All these expenditure made by the actress is being done in order to keep her fit. All these expenditures are personal in nature and should and not allowed as allowable expenditure. Conclusion: Being the expenses personal in nature, deduction will not be allowed. 3. Nicole was paid $2,000 by Womans World for an interview in which she spoke about the new telemovie as well as her personal life. She donated the money to the Royal Childrens Hospital. Tax Implications As per the provision of Australian tax laws any gift or donation made to organisations that have the status of deductible gift recipients (DGRs) s allowed as allowable deduction under income tax laws. However, four conditions must be met: The gift must be made to a deductible gift recipient. The gift must truly be a gift. A gift is voluntary transfer of money or property from which no material benefit is received. The gift must be covered by one of the gift types. The most common gift is money but deductions may be claimed for other types of gifts such as property or shares. The gift must comply with any relevant gift conditions. [3] In the given case, the actress has donated the amount to Royal Childrens Hospital. The hospital is covered under the definition of deductible gift recipients under Australian income tax laws. [4] Hence, the donation made by actress will be allowed as allowable expense for her being the same is covered in terms of above stated provision. 4. Event: The Telemovie received critical acclaim and Nicole was offered a small role in a Hollywood movie. Under the contract she was to receive $AU20, 000. She flew first class to the United States at a cost of $5,000; economy class would have been $2,000. After filming she spent a week visiting agents in Hollywood in the hope of securing more roles. Nicole regarded the week as a working holiday and she treated herself to five star accommodation at a cost of $6,000. Issue: Will she be eligible for deduction of the extra week spending? Discussion on Tax implication As per the provisions of income tax laws any personal expenditure made by the professional will not be considered as allowable expenditure while calculating the assessable income of the assessee. In the given case, she spent $5,000 travelling to United States and $6,000 staying in a five star hotel, both of these is personal expenditure and will not be considered as allowable expenses. In this case, Nicole earned $20,000 in Hollywood. As per the provisions of law, if you continue to remain an Australian resident while working overseas, you must declare your worldwide income in your Australian tax return, even if tax was being paid out in the country where you earned the income. Being, in this case, she earned $20,000 other side Australia, she needs to disclose the same to the authorities. [5] Conclusion: Deduction will not be allowed for the expenses incurred being personal in nature and Nicole will have to disclose in her return the income of $ 20,000 earned. 5. Event: A story is published by the well-known magazine Eye Spy for Nicole which contained a number of untruths. Since, her career is blossoming she is concerned about her repute and loss of future roles. She has spent $10,000 in legal fees, sued the magazine for libel and was successful in securing damages of $50,000. Issue: Taxability of $ 50,000 damages received and the $ 10,000 legal fees paid? Tax Implications In lieu of the provisions of the Australian Income tax law, any benefits derived as a consequence of any legal suit will be taxable in the hands of the recipient. However, the tax benefit is only available if: The full details of the reasons and circumstances leading to you incurring the legal expenses are provided Copies of any documentation in relation to the circumstances - such as, court documents, etc. are provided. Proof that how are these expenses relevant to your gaining or producing of assessable income is provided Proof of making the payment is available. In the given case, the magazine publisher Eye-Spy has written some untrue facts about the actress and hence, she filed the legal suit against the magazine and the decision of the court was in her favour. As a consequence, the former paid Nicole $50,000 to compensate the damages. Nicole had incurred $ 10,000 as a legal fees in the complete court procedures. Conclusion In light to the above provisions, $50,000 will be taxable and if she meets out the above conditions related to the legal expenses, she will be allowed to avail deduction for the $ 10,000 incurred. 6. Event: For a short break in acting, Nicole Paid $ 1,000 to a voice coach for improvement of voice projection. Issue: Will $ 1,000 be allowed as deduction? Whether the same is a private or career related expense? Discussion of Tax Implications As per the provisions of the Australian Tax, any expense incurred by a professional in the capacity of improvement of him/herself professionally is allowed as deduction. In the given case, Nicole had incurred $ 1,000 for improvement in voice projection, which can be considered as an expense for professional growth. Conclusion Hence, the above expense incurred is allowed as an allowable expense in light of the above provisions. 7. Event: Nicole shifted to a rented house in town and has specifically selected a two bedroom unit so that one room could be utilized exclusively as study/office where she could read script and deal with correspondence and meditate. Issue: Will she be entitled for a tax deduction for an apportionment of the rent used for business purpose? Discussion on Tax Implications Considering the provisions of the Australian Tax laws, for the rental expenses incurred by the assessee for a rented premise which will be used for the business purposes will be treated as allowable expenses. In the given case, Nicole has specifically selected a two bedroom unit so that one room could be set aside for exclusive use as a study/office where she could read scripts, deal with correspondence and meditate. Hence, in this case one room is used by Nicole for personal purpose and the other for business purpose. Conclusion: Hence, in the light of the provisions of the Australian Income Tax, deduction will be allowed for the proportionate the rent paid for the room used for business / office purpose. Reference: 1. Australian Taxation Office, 2014, Income Averaging for Special Professionals 2013-2014; Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Tax-return/2014/In-detail/Publications/Income-averaging-for-special-professionals-2013-14/?page=1#Who_is_a_special_professional_ 2. Australian Taxation Office, 2014, Taxable Professional Income; Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Tax-return/2014/In-detail/Publications/Income-averaging-for-special-professionals-2013-14/?page=3#Taxable_professional_income 3. Australian Taxation Office, 2014, Gifts and Donations; Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Income-and-deductions/Deductions-you-can-claim/Gifts-and-donations/ 4. The Royal Childrens Hospital Foundation, 2014, Legal Status and Privacy Policy; Available at: https://rchfoundation.org.au/?page=Legal-and-Privacy 5.Australian Taxation office, 2014, International Taxa on Individuals; Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/ 6.Australian Taxation Office, 2013, ATO advice and Guidance Legal Expenses; Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/ATO-advice-and-guidance/In-detail/Private-rulings/Supporting-documents/Income-tax-deductions/Legal-expenses/